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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-9.2%
€67.22
vs €74.00 price
Levered DCF
€52.41
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
1.68
Distress zone
Rating
C
Overall 2 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E18.01×17.11×24.33×20.14×25.98×98.09×17.66×29.88×
P/B1.47×1.28×1.59×1.65×1.77×2.02×2.14×2.02×
P/S2.16×1.67×2.19×2.1×2.24×2.93×3.09×2.46×
EV / EBITDA9.02×7.94×10.38×10.08×11.15×19.08×11.54×10.87×
Gross margin55.9%55.3%53.9%54.5%57.5%58.1%61.1%62.4%
Operating margin26.4%25.9%23.5%25.1%25.5%20.5%30.8%30.9%
Net margin11.5%9.8%9.0%10.3%8.6%3.0%17.5%8.2%
Current ratio0.72×0.7×0.63×0.67×0.7×0.82×0.83×0.52×
Debt / equity0.84×0.92×0.96×1.09×1.29×1.45×1.36×1.73×
Interest coverage3.9×3.7×3.08×3.32×3.24×2.07×3.29×1.77×
Dividend yield3.7%2.7%2.3%2.0%1.9%1.3%3.1%6.0%
Payout ratio69.2%45.6%56.4%40.9%50.6%128.1%54.7%177.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity7.8%7.5%6.5%8.1%6.8%2.1%12.1%6.8%
Return on invested capital6.3%6.2%5.7%6.4%5.4%0.3%6.1%5.4%
Return on assets3.1%2.8%2.4%2.8%2.1%0.6%3.9%1.9%
Free cash flow yield9.1%11.2%6.6%6.7%7.5%5.2%5.5%7.7%
Earnings yield5.3%5.9%4.1%4.9%3.8%1.0%5.7%3.4%
Enterprise value€189.3B€161.1B€197.8B€191.3B€198.3B€220.5B€257.7B€235B
Net debt / EBITDA2.92×3.01×3.56×3.69×4.32×7.21×4.29×4.84×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-245-117-124-131-164-174-164-164