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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-66.8%
€232.90
vs €701.00 price
Levered DCF
€307.74
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
12.63
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E35.04×40×30.8×29.57×38.22×30.81×15.04×12.07×
P/B6.33×7.36×7.18×4.18×8.43×4.75×2.72×1.16×
P/S7.99×9.41×8.79×4.77×10.93×6.63×3.85×2.32×
EV / EBITDA20.35×26.95×21.82×19.7×29.72×21.29×9.72×8.98×
Gross margin51.8%50.5%48.3%47.4%47.9%47.0%49.7%40.9%
Operating margin29.9%27.4%24.8%26.2%28.4%24.6%29.5%15.2%
Net margin22.8%23.4%28.5%16.1%28.6%21.5%25.6%19.2%
Current ratio2.25×2.01×2.45×2.14×2.99×2.79×2.95×3.5×
Debt / equity0.02×0.01×0.01×0.01×0.01×0×0×0×
Interest coverage1,053.11×425.76×165.71×415.26×244.26×162.92×214.43×50.39×
Dividend yield0.6%0.5%0.5%1.1%0.5%1.1%2.0%2.3%
Payout ratio20.4%19.8%16.4%31.3%19.6%34.6%30.2%27.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity18.1%18.3%23.3%14.2%22.1%15.4%18.1%9.6%
Return on invested capital17.3%16.0%16.2%16.4%17.6%15.7%17.5%6.8%
Return on assets13.6%13.3%17.8%10.4%18.2%12.8%15.1%8.5%
Free cash flow yield3.3%1.9%1.8%2.9%1.2%1.2%7.6%1.0%
Earnings yield2.9%2.5%3.2%3.4%2.6%3.2%6.6%8.3%
Enterprise value€24.4B€26.7B€22.6B€11.1B€18.4B€8.4B€4.5B€1.6B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.8×-0.9×-0.58×-0.69×-0.75×-1.09×-1.07×-1.59×
Cash conversion cycle (days)159177169188114109102163