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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-58.2%
€568.61
vs €1,361.40 price
Levered DCF
€867.31
After debt service
Piotroski score
9 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
10.56
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E37.26×35.26×33.37×35.63×49.21×46.83×43.02×23.09×
P/B18.25×14.45×19.45×22.74×28.56×11.99×8.81×5.01×
P/S10.96×9.44×9.49×9.46×15.56×11.9×9.39×5.33×
EV / EBITDA27.97×25.59×25.87×27.79×39.72×36.24×34×17.79×
Gross margin52.8%49.8%50.2%49.5%51.9%47.4%43.4%44.8%
Operating margin34.6%31.9%32.8%30.7%35.1%29.0%23.6%27.1%
Net margin29.4%26.8%28.4%26.6%31.6%25.4%21.9%23.7%
Current ratio1.26×1.53×1.5×1.28×1.48×2.41×2.58×2.78×
Debt / equity0.14×0.25×0.34×0.48×0.45×0.34×0.25×0.26×
Interest coverage0×58.7×59.45×106.92×119.71×93.57×76.25×70.94×
Dividend yield0.7%0.9%0.9%1.3%0.5%0.6%1.2%1.0%
Payout ratio26.5%32.4%30.0%45.5%23.3%30.0%51.1%23.0%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity49.0%41.0%58.3%63.8%58.0%25.6%20.6%22.3%
Return on invested capital35.5%25.0%32.3%29.1%30.2%17.0%14.5%16.0%
Return on assets19.0%15.6%19.6%15.5%19.5%13.0%11.5%12.9%
Free cash flow yield3.1%3.4%1.2%3.6%3.4%2.2%2.2%4.2%
Earnings yield2.7%2.8%3.0%2.8%2.0%2.1%2.3%4.4%
Enterprise value€347.8B€258.9B€259.2B€197.4B€287.2B€164.9B€110.5B€60.5B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.82×-0.8×-0.24×-0.42×-0.33×-0.3×-0.13×0.66×
Cash conversion cycle (days)317282287296226259250243