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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+9.6%
€37.04
vs €33.80 price
Levered DCF
€37.88
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.37
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E24×15.95×21.51×16.61×34.21×38.86×30.9×20.91×
P/B2.69×2.05×3.28×2.71×5.86×6.45×5.18×3.25×
P/S0.86×0.62×0.89×0.69×1.49×1.29×0.98×0.66×
EV / EBITDA13.16×8.01×11.67×9.51×18.57×19.34×15.61×12.67×
Gross margin17.3%18.1%16.4%17.5%17.3%14.7%14.3%14.9%
Operating margin4.4%4.7%5.1%5.9%6.2%4.8%4.5%4.5%
Net margin3.6%3.9%4.1%4.2%4.4%3.3%3.2%3.2%
Current ratio1.55×1.64×1.86×1.61×1.74×1.87×1.9×2.01×
Debt / equity0.35×0.42×0.42×0.34×0.36×0.13×0.12×0.45×
Interest coverage10.41×12.03×21.95×55.34×49.3×37.97×38.44×61.4×
Dividend yield1.6%2.3%1.4%1.7%0.7%0.7%0.8%1.3%
Payout ratio38.5%35.9%30.8%27.6%24.5%26.2%24.6%27.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity11.2%12.8%15.2%16.3%17.1%16.6%16.8%15.5%
Return on invested capital6.4%7.4%8.5%11.8%12.2%10.9%10.7%11.2%
Return on assets4.9%5.8%7.0%7.3%7.7%7.2%7.1%6.8%
Free cash flow yield2.9%12.0%6.1%0.8%2.9%3.3%2.6%2.9%
Earnings yield4.2%6.3%4.6%6.0%2.9%2.6%3.2%4.8%
Enterprise value€5.8B€4.1B€6B€4.5B€8B€7.3B€5.1B€3B
Net debt / EBITDA0.77×0.33×0.58×0.63×0.13×-0.58×-0.45×0.62×
Cash conversion cycle (days)6455578067555255