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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+167.2%
€334.46
vs €125.15 price
Levered DCF
€310.22
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
2.26
Grey zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E15.05×16.1×19.51×17.16×31.41×22.21×21.15×19.86×
P/B2.07×2.29×3.21×2.73×4.29×3.48×2.15×1.94×
P/S1.07×1.22×1.49×1.21×2×1.34×1.28×1.1×
EV / EBITDA9.38×9.35×11.51×9.55×16.1×12.56×9.83×9.4×
Gross margin25.1%27.4%26.9%25.9%25.7%25.4%26.7%27.1%
Operating margin11.4%10.7%10.4%12.4%12.2%11.1%11.8%10.5%
Net margin7.1%7.6%7.4%7.0%6.4%6.0%6.1%5.5%
Current ratio1.18×1.21×1.34×1.26×1.36×1.29×1.27×1.45×
Debt / equity0.81×0.52×0.63×0.78×0.9×1.48×0.49×0.45×
Interest coverage12.91×12.87×12.82×18.45×13.86×11.39×19.17×22.69×
Dividend yield2.4%2.2%1.7%1.5%0.9%1.1%1.6%2.0%
Payout ratio36.3%34.9%33.6%26.4%28.4%23.6%32.9%38.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity13.7%14.2%15.9%15.9%13.7%15.7%10.2%9.8%
Return on invested capital8.6%8.8%9.2%10.0%8.5%7.2%7.5%7.8%
Return on assets5.5%6.5%6.7%6.1%4.8%4.4%4.7%4.4%
Free cash flow yield9.0%8.2%6.7%8.1%6.0%6.6%8.6%8.0%
Earnings yield6.6%6.2%4.9%5.8%3.2%4.5%4.7%5.0%
Enterprise value€30.5B€30.2B€36.7B€29.9B€40.5B€27.1B€19.5B€15.9B
Net debt / EBITDA1.97×1.02×0.96×1.07×1.64×2.72×0.72×0.8×
Cash conversion cycle (days)61465854555951-44