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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+169.5%
€1,142.51
vs €424.00 price
Levered DCF
€1,819.61
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.78
Distress zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E23.72×20.96×20.25×21.2×26.62×42.45×28.04×23.35×
P/B4.38×4.49×5.93×6.45×8.57×7.28×7.57×4.22×
P/S1.33×1.29×1.48×1.55×2.05×1.84×1.53×1.28×
EV / EBITDA5.3×5.25×5.54×5.53×7.03×7.63×6.17×5.42×
Gross margin66.2%67.0%68.8%68.4%68.3%64.5%66.2%66.6%
Operating margin21.9%22.3%26.2%26.5%26.7%17.8%21.0%21.1%
Net margin5.6%6.1%7.3%7.3%7.7%4.3%5.5%5.5%
Current ratio1.59×1.41×1.32×1.27×1.23×1.57×1.19×1.7×
Debt / equity1.5×1.68×1.81×1.85×2.27×3.36×2.35×0.83×
Interest coverage15.34×15.92×23.16×54.82×70.84×19.53×24.91×57.75×
Dividend yield6.4%2.1%1.8%1.8%1.0%1.0%7.8%1.6%
Payout ratio151.8%45.0%35.8%37.3%25.5%42.9%217.4%37.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity18.5%21.4%29.3%30.4%32.2%17.2%27.0%18.1%
Return on invested capital9.9%10.7%13.7%14.2%12.0%5.8%10.2%11.8%
Return on assets3.3%3.6%4.5%4.4%4.0%1.8%3.1%3.3%
Free cash flow yield14.0%12.3%8.3%10.5%11.7%10.3%10.1%9.0%
Earnings yield4.2%4.8%4.9%4.7%3.8%2.4%3.6%4.3%
Enterprise value€135.2B€140.1B€158.6B€150.4B€158.4B€99.5B€101.9B€63.4B
Net debt / EBITDA1.09×1.16×1.08×1.01×1.19×1.34×1.18×0.28×
Cash conversion cycle (days)221221212192196225192193