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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-33.5%
€29.00
vs €43.62 price
Levered DCF
€36.49
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
4.82
Safe zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E17.22×14.69×18.28×17.78×15.15×19.24×17.45×17.6×
P/B2.73×2.19×2.53×1.9×3.01×3.04×2.37×3.05×
P/S1.45×1.31×1.49×1×1.47×1.64×1.34×1.56×
EV / EBITDA8.53×7.6×9.53×9.22×9.24×11.29×9.36×9.82×
Gross margin38.6%32.0%42.3%25.5%30.4%30.9%29.5%30.4%
Operating margin12.1%12.4%16.0%7.9%11.8%11.1%9.5%11.7%
Net margin8.3%8.9%8.1%5.6%9.7%8.5%7.7%8.9%
Current ratio1.82×1.7×1.87×2.18×1.69×1.77×2.61×2.11×
Debt / equity0.25×0.31×0.46×0.55×0.6×0.54×0.43×0.32×
Interest coverage20.28×147.28×258.63×22.32×60.23×49.76×48.5×58.77×
Dividend yield3.4%2.2%1.6%4.0%1.7%2.1%2.0%4.6%
Payout ratio59.0%32.5%28.9%70.2%25.9%40.2%34.4%80.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity15.6%15.0%13.8%10.7%19.8%15.8%13.5%17.3%
Return on invested capital11.7%10.3%13.0%6.6%10.9%9.3%9.0%13.1%
Return on assets7.7%7.2%6.6%5.0%7.9%6.8%6.8%8.7%
Free cash flow yield8.2%8.4%10.7%0.7%7.8%9.8%6.2%3.8%
Earnings yield5.7%6.8%5.5%5.6%6.6%5.2%5.7%5.7%
Enterprise value€5B€4.2B€4.2B€3.3B€4.6B€3.9B€2.6B€3B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.82×-0.68×-0.96×0.38×-0.18×0.05×-0.8×-0.76×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-24-2-103516287272