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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+546.2%
€167.24
vs €25.88 price
Levered DCF
€130.99
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.05
Distress zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E14.04×12.73×6.15×11.58×18.79×17.06×17.87×32.44×
P/B2.17×2.25×1.92×1.91×1.84×1.98×2.18×2.27×
P/S1.13×1.24×0.98×0.81×0.73×0.7×0.86×0.93×
EV / EBITDA5.37×5.22×5.36×5.2×5.33×4.99×5.33×6.03×
Gross margin24.6%61.1%22.5%16.5%15.3%15.2%14.8%13.7%
Operating margin22.5%22.8%20.7%13.6%13.0%12.3%11.7%10.4%
Net margin8.1%9.7%15.9%7.0%3.9%4.1%4.8%2.9%
Current ratio1.12×1.06×1.01×0.86×1×1×0.75×0.75×
Debt / equity2.27×2.31×2.47×3.03×3.33×3.82×2.62×1.93×
Interest coverage4.11×3.97×3.51×2.73×2.79×2.69×3.48×3.77×
Dividend yield4.8%3.9%3.7%3.7%4.0%4.3%5.2%4.6%
Payout ratio67.0%49.9%22.6%42.3%75.3%73.8%92.1%150.2%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity15.5%17.7%31.2%16.5%9.8%11.6%12.2%7.0%
Return on invested capital7.1%6.6%6.0%4.4%3.9%3.7%4.1%4.0%
Return on assets3.1%3.4%5.7%2.5%1.4%1.5%2.1%1.4%
Free cash flow yield21.0%14.5%17.8%12.6%7.4%7.1%12.6%7.8%
Earnings yield7.1%7.9%16.3%8.6%5.3%5.9%5.6%3.1%
Enterprise value€268.1B€280.6B€242.9B€234.1B€212.9B€195.3B€146.8B€126.2B
Net debt / EBITDA2.67×2.57×2.95×3.14×3.37×3.17×2.82×2.67×
Cash conversion cycle (days)5019424142393222