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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+13.5%
€211.98
vs €186.80 price
Levered DCF
€208.58
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
3.02
Safe zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E53.55×45.31×35.52×34.74×56.74×637.75×54.76×26.61×
P/B3.19×2.65×2.13×2×2.34×1.72×1.69×0.88×
P/S4.35×4.03×3.2×3.05×4.15×3.85×3.39×2.66×
EV / EBITDA20.6×17.99×14.57×13.97×19.89×24.07×16.63×12.46×
Gross margin60.6%63.4%63.2%63.7%62.0%58.9%62.2%62.2%
Operating margin12.1%13.0%12.5%13.3%13.0%5.0%12.0%14.0%
Net margin8.1%8.9%9.0%8.8%7.3%0.6%6.2%10.0%
Current ratio0.99×0.95×1×0.97×1.03×2.22×1.91×0.94×
Debt / equity0.37×0.33×0.3×0.33×0.37×0.37×0.27×0.17×
Interest coverage10.99×20.9×16.04×20.88×18.26×5.1×12.9×13.38×
Dividend yield0.4%1.1%0.6%0.6%0.2%0.9%1.5%1.7%
Payout ratio23.6%49.3%21.3%21.1%9.5%591.8%82.4%44.7%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity6.0%5.8%6.0%5.7%4.1%0.3%3.1%3.3%
Return on invested capital4.8%4.6%4.7%4.6%3.6%0.7%3.4%3.2%
Return on assets3.6%3.7%3.8%3.6%2.4%0.2%2.0%2.2%
Free cash flow yield3.0%3.1%4.1%4.3%4.3%4.1%4.1%5.7%
Earnings yield1.9%2.2%2.8%2.9%1.8%0.2%1.8%3.8%
Enterprise value€134.7B€117.9B€90.4B€85.2B€93.6B€62.8B€63.5B€32.7B
Net debt / EBITDA1.66×1.67×1.47×1.71×2.43×2.76×1.2×1.48×
Cash conversion cycle (days)74645766597177105