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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+269.6%
€151.46
vs €40.98 price
Levered DCF
€234.49
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
0.71
Distress zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E14.83×10.19×12.32×11×10.67×18.39×11.91×8.8×
P/B1.31×0.85×1.03×0.88×1.08×1.24×1.36×1.18×
P/S0.3×0.19×0.23×0.24×0.32×0.37×0.37×0.32×
EV / EBITDA4.92×3.78×4.23×4.47×3.45×4.75×4.31×3.77×
Gross margin5.5%55.2%53.6%56.4%55.5%55.7%53.4%53.3%
Operating margin3.3%4.0%3.8%4.2%6.5%4.5%6.9%5.0%
Net margin2.0%1.9%1.9%2.2%3.0%2.0%3.1%3.7%
Current ratio0.93×0.92×0.95×0.99×1.04×0.99×0.98×0.96×
Debt / equity1.16×1.16×1.2×1.31×0.84×0.77×0.71×0.68×
Interest coverage2.71×3.13×4.46×6.43×10.76×6.21×8.63×7.28×
Dividend yield4.4%6.7%5.2%6.4%5.4%5.0%4.5%5.4%
Payout ratio66.3%67.9%64.5%69.9%57.5%92.8%53.3%47.4%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity8.7%8.3%8.4%8.0%10.1%6.7%11.4%13.4%
Return on invested capital3.7%4.6%4.5%4.1%7.5%5.0%8.9%6.7%
Return on assets1.8%1.7%1.7%1.6%2.5%1.7%3.0%3.5%
Free cash flow yield15.4%31.4%21.2%2.3%8.7%5.9%10.6%-1.1%
Earnings yield6.7%9.8%8.1%9.1%9.4%5.4%8.4%11.4%
Enterprise value€24.7B€20B€22.1B€20.9B€14.8B€16.5B€18B€15.2B
Net debt / EBITDA1.52×1.74×1.77×2.19×0.65×1.07×0.93×0.91×
Cash conversion cycle (days)8216-161121425-93