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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+10.6%
€46.71
vs €42.22 price
Levered DCF
€80.21
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
5.76
Safe zone
Rating
C+
Overall 2 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E16.3×18.19×19.28×17.51×21.93×29.39×26.93×17.61×
P/B2.53×2.89×3.02×2.47×3.17×4.09×3.93×3.48×
P/S1.4×1.56×1.53×1.33×1.93×2.71×2.39×1.97×
EV / EBITDA9.14×10.13×10.35×10.05×12.45×15.97×14.65×11.67×
Gross margin33.5%34.5%32.3%30.9%33.6%35.9%34.6%35.0%
Operating margin12.1%12.1%11.7%10.9%12.7%13.6%13.3%14.0%
Net margin8.6%8.6%8.0%7.6%8.8%9.3%8.9%11.2%
Current ratio2.32×2.22×2.37×2.22×2.47×2.38×2.74×2.76×
Debt / equity0.05×0.06×0.04×0.1×0.03×0.02×0.01×0×
Interest coverage39.18×35.58×31.92×62.17×91.5×40.38×48.71×71.8×
Dividend yield3.1%2.7%2.6%3.2%2.5%2.1%2.1%2.5%
Payout ratio50.0%48.3%51.1%55.2%54.2%61.4%57.5%43.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity15.5%15.9%15.7%14.1%14.4%13.9%14.6%19.8%
Return on invested capital14.2%14.4%15.1%13.0%13.7%13.4%14.9%18.3%
Return on assets11.2%11.6%11.6%10.3%10.9%10.4%11.3%15.2%
Free cash flow yield6.3%5.6%8.5%1.3%1.6%3.7%2.9%2.9%
Earnings yield6.1%5.5%5.2%5.7%4.6%3.4%3.7%5.7%
Enterprise value€4.8B€5.4B€5.3B€4.6B€5.5B€6.3B€5.9B€4.9B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.28×-0.08×-0.22×0.13×-0.22×-0.46×-0.51×-0.46×
Cash conversion cycle (days)96101921171099595101