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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+51.5%
€123.22
vs €81.32 price
Levered DCF
€122.34
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
3.8
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E14.17×17.72×23.41×22.12×18.92×28.49×19.21×17.96×
P/B1.41×1.64×1.54×1.39×1.49×2.05×2.16×2.46×
P/S1.41×1.65×1.43×1.24×1.54×2.08×1.99×2.09×
EV / EBITDA8.16×10.05×11.31×11.7×10.76×15.16×11.79×12.07×
Gross margin51.1%50.1%45.7%42.3%45.2%46.7%45.7%45.9%
Operating margin14.6%13.1%9.3%9.6%12.9%11.6%15.7%16.8%
Net margin9.9%9.3%6.1%5.6%8.1%7.3%10.4%11.6%
Current ratio1.19×1.21×1.2×1.13×1.12×1.11×1.07×0.96×
Debt / equity0.18×0.2×0.15×0.18×0.14×0.16×0.24×0.25×
Interest coverage18.49×13.11×17.19×13.52×143.44×54.66×25.1×35.25×
Dividend yield2.9%2.2%2.5%2.9%2.6%2.0%2.0%1.9%
Payout ratio41.8%38.4%58.5%63.1%48.8%56.7%38.3%33.4%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity9.9%9.2%6.6%6.3%7.9%7.2%11.3%13.7%
Return on invested capital8.5%7.6%5.8%6.3%8.4%7.5%9.3%10.9%
Return on assets6.1%5.7%4.2%3.8%5.0%4.7%6.5%7.7%
Free cash flow yield6.3%7.0%8.6%2.1%4.8%5.9%6.2%4.3%
Earnings yield7.1%5.6%4.3%4.5%5.3%3.5%5.2%5.6%
Enterprise value€29.8B€37B€31.7B€30.3B€31.7B€41.6B€43.1B€44.6B
Net debt / EBITDA0.27×0.38×0.33×0.95×0.29×0.54×0.83×0.83×
Cash conversion cycle (days)2411221816203237