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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+100.0%
€52.12
vs €26.06 price
Levered DCF
€102.94
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
2.31
Grey zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E16.25×15.97×18.38×12.08×20.47×25.01×22.74×18.67×
P/B1.69×1.76×2.06×1.81×2.67×3.43×3.2×2.39×
P/S0.79×0.87×0.91×0.75×1.14×1.34×1.27×0.94×
EV / EBITDA8.27×8.01×8.38×7.86×11.93×11.27×11.66×9.53×
Gross margin16.5%18.9%18.1%16.4%16.6%16.8%17.1%15.2%
Operating margin7.8%8.5%8.1%8.0%8.0%7.9%8.6%6.6%
Net margin4.8%5.4%4.9%6.2%5.6%5.4%5.6%5.0%
Current ratio1.59×1.52×1.6×1.5×1.22×1.42×1.39×1.31×
Debt / equity0.86×0.77×0.9×0.97×1.12×0.93×0.83×0.75×
Interest coverage3.98×4.56×4.19×6.91×9.12×7.04×8.43×6.87×
Dividend yield3.7%3.1%2.8%2.9%2.4%2.1%2.0%2.9%
Payout ratio60.2%49.1%50.7%35.5%48.3%52.5%46.1%53.4%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity10.4%11.0%11.2%15.0%13.1%13.8%14.1%12.8%
Return on invested capital6.2%6.8%6.3%7.3%6.0%6.9%7.8%6.4%
Return on assets4.2%4.6%4.4%5.7%4.4%4.9%5.3%5.0%
Free cash flow yield9.8%5.2%6.8%0.1%-0.9%4.7%5.2%1.9%
Earnings yield6.1%6.3%5.4%8.3%4.9%4.0%4.4%5.4%
Enterprise value€4.3B€4.8B€5.1B€4.8B€5.6B€5.3B€5.2B€3.7B
Net debt / EBITDA2.31×2.07×2.15×2.42×3.26×1.87×2.05×2.09×
Cash conversion cycle (days)5379798693747884