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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-26.1%
€42.16
vs €57.08 price
Levered DCF
€34.00
After debt service
Piotroski score
4 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
8.29
Safe zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E27.5×28.04×22.95×21.52×25.71×68.36×25.96×21.94×
P/B8.4×8.36×6.63×5.24×5.29×5.28×6.34×5.17×
P/S4.3×4.26×3.44×2.74×3×3.76×3.34×2.9×
EV / EBITDA15.17×14.99×12.25×10.82×11.56×17.84×12.76×12.87×
Gross margin58.3%57.8%49.7%57.0%57.1%55.8%55.9%56.7%
Operating margin20.2%20.2%18.9%16.9%15.4%7.4%16.9%16.7%
Net margin15.6%15.2%15.0%12.7%11.7%5.4%12.9%13.2%
Current ratio1.54×1.61×1.79×1.8×1.69×1.73×1.56×1.97×
Debt / equity0.29×0.3×0.3×0.32×0.38×0.44×0.48×0.07×
Interest coverage21.73×22.13×25.13×38.33×37.89×11.77×30.59×290.47×
Dividend yield3.1%2.9%3.0%3.2%2.6%1.4%2.9%3.1%
Payout ratio84.2%81.8%69.4%70.1%67.6%98.6%75.3%67.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity30.5%29.8%28.9%24.3%20.6%7.6%24.4%23.5%
Return on invested capital23.1%23.2%20.9%18.3%14.7%5.5%16.3%20.7%
Return on assets17.5%16.9%16.4%13.8%11.2%4.2%12.8%15.9%
Free cash flow yield4.1%4.3%5.9%6.3%7.3%3.3%6.3%3.5%
Earnings yield3.6%3.6%4.4%4.6%3.9%1.4%3.8%4.5%
Enterprise value€172B€164B€122.1B€89B€82.2B€75.6B€96.9B€72B
Net debt / EBITDA0.06×-0.04×-0.14×-0.01×-0.14×-0.25×0.31×-0.68×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-32-50-29-26-38-32-38-20