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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-25.0%
€42.04
vs €56.08 price
Levered DCF
€35.44
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
4.72
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E32.04×25.54×25.09×32.2×32.16×36.72×32.38×25.67×
P/B11.23×8.48×8.44×8.82×10.29×10.84×9.48×7.03×
P/S2.79×2.19×2.12×2.29×3.11×3.46×3.01×2.37×
EV / EBITDA18.86×15.51×15.51×19.11×20.62×23.19×20.26×17.15×
Gross margin18.8%56.5%53.4%50.7%51.5%12.2%11.9%11.5%
Operating margin11.8%11.3%11.0%9.5%12.3%12.2%11.9%11.5%
Net margin8.7%8.6%8.5%7.1%9.6%9.5%9.3%9.3%
Current ratio1.08×1.13×1.13×1.17×1.22×1.25×1.28×1.32×
Debt / equity0.31×0.29×0.2×0.19×0.17×0.16×0.17×0.07×
Interest coverage26.71×32.61×107.15×44.26×59.97×54.15×45.69×88.34×
Dividend yield3.0%3.7%3.9%4.3%3.6%2.6%2.8%3.9%
Payout ratio95.1%95.2%97.7%140.5%115.0%93.8%91.5%101.0%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity35.0%33.2%33.6%27.3%32.0%29.6%29.4%27.4%
Return on invested capital24.1%23.1%24.7%20.7%24.0%22.7%21.9%21.7%
Return on assets10.8%10.2%10.6%8.5%10.4%10.7%10.8%10.9%
Free cash flow yield3.7%4.4%4.2%1.7%4.6%4.2%3.9%4.0%
Earnings yield3.1%3.9%4.0%3.1%3.1%2.7%3.1%3.9%
Enterprise value€31.8B€24.6B€23.4B€25B€32.7B€34.5B€30B€21.1B
Net debt / EBITDA0.25×0.16×0.08×0.03×0.04×0.03×-0.08×-0.34×
Cash conversion cycle (days)7590888852859290