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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-30.8%
€64.78
vs €93.55 price
Levered DCF
€56.55
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
3.74
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E20.04×19.3×22.4×15.33×34.31×27.86×26.56×20.32×
P/B3×3.02×3.73×2.77×6.58×4.43×4.75×3.84×
P/S1.46×1.51×1.77×1.1×2.93×2.27×2.11×1.54×
EV / EBITDA12.77×12.59×14.27×11.1×22.34×17.12×17.28×14.2×
Gross margin29.1%29.6%28.9%26.6%28.6%30.3%29.1%27.8%
Operating margin9.8%10.0%10.3%9.4%11.2%10.6%10.2%9.7%
Net margin7.3%7.7%7.9%7.2%8.5%8.2%7.9%7.6%
Current ratio1.37×1.6×1.65×1.78×1.8×2.21×1.66×1.59×
Debt / equity0.6×0.66×0.56×0.72×0.54×0.72×0.47×0.58×
Interest coverage11.64×12.79×13.11×19.91×20.04×20.11×20.39×22.26×
Dividend yield0.7%0.7%0.6%1.0%0.4%0.0%0.8%1.0%
Payout ratio14.8%14.5%14.2%15.7%13.3%0.0%21.0%20.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity15.0%15.5%16.6%18.0%19.2%15.9%17.8%18.9%
Return on invested capital9.7%9.1%10.9%10.8%12.4%9.3%11.7%11.5%
Return on assets6.8%6.8%8.0%7.8%8.7%7.0%8.6%8.2%
Free cash flow yield3.5%4.1%6.4%4.6%0.8%4.9%3.7%4.4%
Earnings yield5.0%5.1%4.5%6.5%2.9%3.6%3.8%4.9%
Enterprise value€15.6B€14.8B€15.6B€10.9B€20B€10.8B€10.6B€7.4B
Net debt / EBITDA1.73×1.54×1.1×1.77×1.02×0.59×1.27×1.38×
Cash conversion cycle (days)3837709097717779