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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-79.0%
€2,877.42
vs €13,700.00 price
Levered DCF
€3,270.58
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
10.91
Safe zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E37.02×57.36×51.85×49.64×49.98×36.07×27.92×25.83×
P/B7.42×11.06×10.21×8.96×8.73×6.87×5.2×4.98×
P/S4.71×7.1×6.3×5.84×6.05×4.49×3.41×3.11×
EV / EBITDA24.72×36.77×33.5×32.73×32.39×24.39×18.85×17.63×
Gross margin17.5%39.0%39.2%17.0%17.6%17.0%17.2%39.4%
Operating margin17.2%16.8%16.2%15.6%16.0%15.7%16.4%17.1%
Net margin12.7%12.4%12.1%11.8%12.1%12.5%12.2%12.0%
Current ratio1.49×1.18×1.55×1.07×1.65×1.49×1.01×1×
Debt / equity0.36×0.36×0.44×0.47×0.45×0.49×0.48×0.44×
Interest coverage70.45×46.45×42.87×43.81×41.7×35.52×30.31×38.59×
Dividend yield1.0%0.5%0.5%0.6%0.6%0.9%1.1%0.9%
Payout ratio35.8%30.8%28.2%31.8%31.7%31.4%31.6%24.1%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity20.0%19.3%19.7%18.0%17.5%19.0%18.6%19.3%
Return on invested capital14.1%13.6%13.2%11.6%11.3%11.7%11.4%12.7%
Return on assets11.2%11.0%10.4%9.4%9.1%9.8%9.2%9.4%
Free cash flow yield1.5%0.7%1.3%-0.3%1.5%2.8%1.7%1.4%
Earnings yield2.7%1.7%1.9%2.0%2.0%2.8%3.6%3.9%
Enterprise value€6.6B€8.9B€6.9B€5.3B€4.6B€3.1B€2.2B€1.8B
Net debt / EBITDA0.72×0.78×0.78×1.17×0.73×1.02×1.3×1.03×
Cash conversion cycle (days)611-0-5619160