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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+5.4%
€34.10
vs €32.36 price
Levered DCF
€52.53
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
2.77
Grey zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E12×12×11.73×9.25×13.97×29.82×11.27×9.26×
P/B1.1×1.21×1.3×1.08×1.72×1.48×1.48×1.28×
P/S0.77×0.83×0.82×0.65×1.08×0.91×0.81×0.7×
EV / EBITDA4.92×5.56×5.53×4.77×6.43×7.16×5.63×5.16×
Gross margin27.0%28.5%28.0%26.1%29.0%27.5%29.0%29.6%
Operating margin9.1%9.7%9.4%11.6%12.2%9.2%12.1%11.9%
Net margin6.4%6.9%7.0%7.0%7.7%3.1%7.3%7.6%
Current ratio1.9×1.76×1.77×1.67×1.68×1.83×1.57×1.66×
Debt / equity0.37×0.4×0.35×0.44×0.53×0.69×0.54×0.54×
Interest coverage6.68×12.12×6.85×13.69×15.02×7.8×8.61×12.09×
Dividend yield4.9%4.3%3.8%4.3%1.6%1.9%3.4%4.1%
Payout ratio58.5%51.0%45.0%40.1%22.2%56.5%38.0%38.0%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity9.2%10.1%11.0%11.7%12.3%5.0%13.2%13.8%
Return on invested capital6.1%6.7%7.5%8.9%8.0%4.9%8.8%8.5%
Return on assets4.8%5.0%5.6%5.7%5.3%2.0%5.5%5.6%
Free cash flow yield9.0%9.2%13.1%-1.1%4.7%10.6%7.8%8.4%
Earnings yield8.3%8.3%8.5%10.8%7.2%3.4%8.9%10.8%
Enterprise value€22.9B€26.2B€27B€23.4B€29.2B€22.7B€25.2B€19.9B
Net debt / EBITDA0.63×0.77×0.76×0.99×0.77×1.26×1.25×1.14×
Cash conversion cycle (days)828796117109107109108