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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-0.7%
€91.69
vs €92.30 price
Levered DCF
€212.49
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
9.95
Safe zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E24.17×19.5×19.94×19.16×22.2×23.94×12.97×15.56×
P/B6.63×4.32×5.06×4.41×5.05×4.5×4.25×4.09×
P/S2.12×1.44×1.65×1.56×1.96×1.74×1.63×1.39×
EV / EBITDA13.63×10.84×11.74×10.95×12.33×12.07×8.57×10.19×
Gross margin23.5%25.9%22.5%23.1%22.8%22.3%20.8%62.1%
Operating margin11.4%9.5%10.6%10.4%11.5%9.1%9.1%10.2%
Net margin8.8%7.4%8.2%8.2%8.8%7.2%12.6%8.9%
Current ratio1.84×2.14×2.25×2.45×2.62×2.72×2.69×2.1×
Debt / equity0.05×0.19×0.19×0.2×0.2×0.22×0.23×0.29×
Interest coverage49.93×23.13×36.3×72.43×71.89×59.88×69.12×73.42×
Dividend yield3.6%5.8%4.6%5.5%3.6%4.4%5.2%6.0%
Payout ratio86.0%113.8%90.9%104.6%79.8%105.8%66.9%93.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity27.5%22.1%25.4%23.0%22.8%18.8%32.8%26.3%
Return on invested capital26.0%19.0%22.0%19.2%19.0%15.2%15.1%19.7%
Return on assets17.9%13.5%15.5%13.9%13.8%11.4%19.9%14.8%
Free cash flow yield6.2%3.8%2.6%1.7%4.5%6.6%11.1%4.6%
Earnings yield4.1%5.1%5.0%5.2%4.5%4.2%7.7%6.4%
Enterprise value€594.9M€373.3M€437.7M€356.8M€392.6M€320.5M€310.9M€281.9M
Net debt / EBITDA0.02×0.33×0.15×-0.04×-0.41×-0.35×-0.05×0.6×
Cash conversion cycle (days)869485978583100187