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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-49.2%
€221.60
vs €436.35 price
Levered DCF
€216.39
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
5.92
Safe zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E31.93×28.51×39.02×31.32×50.6×48.79×39.4×28.91×
P/B5.6×5.51×8.3×6.58×9.86×5.99×5.02×4.18×
P/S4.44×4.2×5.86×4.67×7.2×6.21×4.95×4.18×
EV / EBITDA18.5×18.01×24.71×19.86×30.01×26.25×20.5×17.4×
Gross margin74.3%74.2%73.9%72.4%73.9%73.1%73.0%72.8%
Operating margin20.2%20.0%19.8%19.5%19.1%18.6%18.6%18.3%
Net margin13.9%14.7%15.0%14.9%14.2%12.7%12.6%14.5%
Current ratio1.44×1.13×1.1×1.02×0.73×1.31×1.28×1.23×
Debt / equity0.34×0.26×0.3×0.21×0.27×0.09×0.1×0.05×
Interest coverage24.31×21.18×35.92×105.92×161.93×65.77×73.57×141.44×
Dividend yield2.0%2.0%1.4%1.5%1.0%1.3%1.5%1.8%
Payout ratio63.9%56.4%55.4%47.1%51.2%61.5%59.2%52.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity17.5%19.3%21.3%21.0%19.5%12.3%12.7%14.5%
Return on invested capital13.1%15.2%15.9%16.2%14.9%11.5%11.3%12.5%
Return on assets9.9%11.4%11.9%12.2%10.7%8.2%8.6%10.1%
Free cash flow yield3.7%3.6%2.5%2.8%2.4%3.2%3.4%3.4%
Earnings yield3.1%3.5%2.6%3.2%2.0%2.1%2.5%3.5%
Enterprise value€197.7B€187.2B€245.7B€181.8B€236.1B€169.9B€145.4B€109.8B
Net debt / EBITDA0.19×0.43×0.44×0.33×0.46×-0.6×-0.34×-0.44×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-23-13-18-33-80-55-29-32