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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+30.5%
€211.37
vs €162.00 price
Levered DCF
€138.74
After debt service
Piotroski score
4 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.05
Distress zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E17.4×13.13×14×12.95×14.7×16.85×15.27×17.42×
P/B0.9×0.85×0.93×0.99×1.05×1.06×1.27×1.35×
P/S4.68×4.94×4.92×5.39×5.46×5.08×5.57×5.91×
EV / EBITDA15.05×9.79×11.39×11.79×12.12×13.95×14.34×15.18×
Gross margin100.0%60.2%58.5%99.0%100.0%58.0%56.5%57.2%
Operating margin45.2%44.1%42.8%43.3%43.7%43.0%41.3%42.5%
Net margin26.9%37.6%35.2%41.6%37.2%30.1%36.5%33.9%
Current ratio1.92×2.03×2.15×2.33×2.46×3.37×3.42×3.63×
Debt / equity0.45×0.25×0.41×0.43×0.48×0.64×0.75×0.82×
Interest coverage8.04×0×6.57×8.01×0×6.05×5.07×4.19×
Dividend yield2.2%1.9%1.5%1.3%0.0%0.0%1.0%0.9%
Payout ratio37.8%24.5%20.7%17.2%0.5%0.5%15.3%15.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity5.2%6.5%6.6%7.6%7.1%6.3%8.3%7.8%
Return on invested capital3.6%5.0%5.2%5.0%5.0%4.9%4.6%4.6%
Return on assets3.1%4.6%4.5%5.0%4.3%3.5%4.3%3.9%
Free cash flow yield-4.7%6.6%3.4%8.7%4.9%5.7%3.9%0.3%
Earnings yield5.7%7.6%7.1%7.7%6.8%5.9%6.5%5.7%
Enterprise value€593M€534M€626.7M€633M€620.1M€628.3M€696.8M€703.4M
Net debt / EBITDA4.7×1.96×3.23×3.29×3.53×4.79×4.9×5.33×
Cash conversion cycle (days)12960-42-9535213497138