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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-10.1%
€89.35
vs €99.40 price
Levered DCF
€85.42
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
17.08
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E17.88×18.2×25.5×20.58×26.46×23.9×28.86×13.22×
P/B6.97×5.98×6.19×7.93×6.86×7.21×7.44×5.65×
P/S4.74×3.9×4.63×5.37×4.93×4.89×5.52×4.47×
EV / EBITDA13.35×11.94×17.08×14.46×17.36×15.14×18.4×14.49×
Gross margin64.2%61.4%55.3%63.3%57.0%60.4%60.3%60.3%
Operating margin33.1%27.0%23.1%32.8%23.4%26.0%24.1%25.9%
Net margin26.5%21.4%18.2%26.1%18.6%20.4%19.1%33.8%
Current ratio2.4×3.71×3.12×3.19×3.3×3.47×3.2×2.32×
Debt / equity0.24×0.33×0.22×0.24×0.15×0.15×0.01×0.2×
Interest coverage71.84×49.6×48.23×244.22×187.15×233.42×93.63×54.96×
Dividend yield2.6%3.8%4.1%2.9%4.1%4.0%3.6%4.7%
Payout ratio46.2%69.1%103.7%60.4%109.0%96.0%105.4%61.7%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity38.9%32.8%24.4%38.5%25.9%30.1%25.7%42.7%
Return on invested capital30.4%24.0%18.2%28.0%21.4%24.5%23.7%20.4%
Return on assets24.9%20.3%15.1%23.2%17.4%19.7%19.3%28.8%
Free cash flow yield2.4%3.4%0.0%5.0%2.5%4.9%4.0%3.8%
Earnings yield5.6%5.5%3.9%4.9%3.8%4.2%3.5%7.6%
Enterprise value€9.1B€6.1B€5.6B€7.1B€5B€5.1B€5.7B€4.3B
Net debt / EBITDA0.21×0.24×0.28×-0.24×-0.37×-0.55×-0.34×-0.33×
Cash conversion cycle (days)320292269212214211208215