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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+588.6%
€558.34
vs €81.08 price
Levered DCF
€639.58
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
1.63
Distress zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E7.3×9.49×13.09×20.39×41.35×49.15×31.64×25.8×
P/B0.89×1.09×1.83×3.57×7.29×6.61×4.93×3.63×
P/S0.36×0.48×0.93×1.61×3.24×2.78×2.36×1.81×
EV / EBITDA3.99×4.58×7.57×9.66×18.78×17.45×13.79×13.84×
Gross margin11.8%32.6%31.1%22.3%30.5%30.7%22.5%32.3%
Operating margin11.3%10.5%12.0%12.2%12.1%9.7%11.6%10.9%
Net margin4.9%5.1%7.1%7.9%7.8%5.7%7.5%7.0%
Current ratio1.18×1.12×1.3×1.27×1.36×1.63×1.5×1.59×
Debt / equity1.2×1.08×1.29×0.93×1.11×1.36×1.2×1.1×
Interest coverage4.09×3.91×5.31×8.78×9.99×6.17×5.97×8.08×
Dividend yield6.8%4.7%2.9%1.5%0.6%0.9%0.9%1.3%
Payout ratio49.9%44.2%38.3%30.2%25.3%43.5%27.8%34.3%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity12.1%11.5%14.0%17.5%17.6%13.4%15.6%14.1%
Return on invested capital7.6%6.5%7.0%9.5%8.8%6.5%7.9%7.0%
Return on assets4.3%4.3%4.9%7.2%6.7%4.6%5.8%5.3%
Free cash flow yield32.5%32.1%14.8%7.2%3.8%4.4%4.2%4.0%
Earnings yield13.7%10.5%7.6%4.9%2.4%2.0%3.2%3.9%
Enterprise value€7.5B€8.8B€12.3B€15.7B€25.7B€18.2B€15.3B€10.2B
Net debt / EBITDA2.07×2×2.8×1.6×1.95×2.18×2.4×2.86×
Cash conversion cycle (days)6263726360646873