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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+30.2%
€108.58
vs €83.41 price
Levered DCF
€140.52
After debt service
Piotroski score
8 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
2.28
Grey zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E11.01×8.2×7.8×7.93×8.54×-14.87×13.15×12.38×
P/B1.26×1.08×1.42×1.43×1.2×1.08×1.23×1.19×
P/S0.79×0.65×0.76×0.61×0.72×0.94×0.82×0.75×
EV / EBITDA4.62×3.73×3.66×3.19×4.21×8.85×4.96×4.7×
Gross margin28.4%28.4%28.5%30.8%28.2%16.4%25.0%23.9%
Operating margin10.9%12.3%14.1%18.9%13.0%0.0%8.7%8.3%
Net margin7.2%8.1%9.8%7.8%8.7%-6.0%6.4%6.2%
Current ratio0.97×1.1×1.12×1.15×1.17×1.23×1.21×1.28×
Debt / equity0.53×0.43×0.41×0.55×0.58×0.75×0.54×0.46×
Interest coverage4.71×10.12×13.61×23.5×14.32×0×6.85×10.09×
Dividend yield5.8%6.1%4.5%6.2%6.2%6.0%4.9%3.6%
Payout ratio64.4%49.0%35.2%48.7%51.3%-92.4%62.2%42.9%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity11.4%13.4%18.3%18.4%14.3%-7.0%9.6%9.9%
Return on invested capital5.6%6.9%9.3%11.5%7.1%0.0%4.7%4.7%
Return on assets4.5%5.5%7.5%6.8%5.5%-2.7%4.1%4.5%
Free cash flow yield7.5%12.6%13.9%19.8%13.5%3.6%9.0%5.5%
Earnings yield9.1%12.4%12.9%12.8%12.0%-6.5%7.8%8.3%
Enterprise value€179.4B€154.2B€186.1B€188.5B€176.9B€158.2B€178.9B€163.3B
Net debt / EBITDA0.9×0.66×0.41×0.48×1.03×2.57×0.98×0.73×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-23-192045631175