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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+35.1%
€377.35
vs €279.30 price
Levered DCF
€385.81
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
4.94
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E29.1×34.26×43.75×33.44×17.92×21.83×16.76×16.82×
P/B4.17×3.64×1.67×1.54×2.26×2.2×1.89×2.13×
P/S5.86×5.93×2.86×2.53×3.28×2.99×2.7×2.9×
EV / EBITDA25.28×19.33×13.48×13.67×12.44×13.89×10.66×10.01×
Gross margin71.1%71.5%67.5%66.2%72.1%71.2%71.0%74.1%
Operating margin15.1%21.5%11.5%7.3%19.9%18.3%22.1%24.0%
Net margin20.1%17.3%6.5%7.6%18.3%13.7%16.1%17.3%
Current ratio1.38×1.36×1.32×1.06×1.31×1.27×1.38×1.37×
Debt / equity0.21×0.3×0.34×0.32×0.25×0.38×0.18×0.24×
Interest coverage9.11×8.33×4.19×5.63×25.49×14.37×18.07×17.94×
Dividend yield0.6%0.7%1.7%1.8%1.3%1.5%1.7%1.7%
Payout ratio16.9%24.3%73.5%59.1%22.7%32.1%28.8%27.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity14.3%10.6%3.8%4.6%12.6%10.1%11.3%12.7%
Return on invested capital7.2%8.7%3.6%2.5%8.6%7.7%10.2%11.6%
Return on assets8.6%6.1%2.2%2.6%7.4%5.5%7.1%7.6%
Free cash flow yield4.2%2.5%3.0%4.8%5.3%4.1%4.0%7.4%
Earnings yield3.4%2.9%2.3%3.0%5.6%4.6%6.0%6.0%
Enterprise value€45.3B€37.9B€17.2B€15.9B€19.8B€18.1B€14.2B€13.7B
Net debt / EBITDA-0×0.74×1.71×1.71×0.54×1.6×0.71×0.17×
Cash conversion cycle (days)195194159131136133149136