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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+20.5%
€1,005.79
vs €835.00 price
Levered DCF
€1,896.84
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.92
Safe zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E40.78×48.4×51.8×70.75×150.1×220.74×92.77×106.75×
P/B8.2×10.58×11.48×16.52×38.94×47.3×25.03×24.05×
P/S16.21×22.22×22.25×30×70.39×84.22×40.68×40.15×
EV / EBITDA21.32×34.9×36.73×46.21×104.88×136.76×66.48×70.27×
Gross margin78.3%65.6%61.9%71.3%75.9%73.6%77.0%74.7%
Operating margin41.5%64.9%61.2%70.6%75.4%73.1%76.5%74.2%
Net margin39.8%45.9%42.9%42.4%46.9%38.1%43.8%37.6%
Current ratio168.11×1.55×1.45×1.42×1.43×1.37×1.39×1.34×
Debt / equity0.05×0.05×0.07×0.08×0.08×0.11×0.07×0×
Interest coverage147.42×48.88×208.08×78.53×59.03×53.17×88.2×170.86×
Dividend yield0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Payout ratio0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity20.1%21.9%22.2%23.3%25.9%21.4%27.0%22.5%
Return on invested capital6.9%22.1%21.8%27.5%29.7%28.0%32.7%32.7%
Return on assets8.7%8.1%7.3%7.4%8.1%6.3%9.0%7.0%
Free cash flow yield2.1%3.6%5.0%4.8%2.5%1.7%2.4%2.6%
Earnings yield2.5%2.1%1.9%1.4%0.7%0.5%1.1%0.9%
Enterprise value€32.8B€35B€28.2B€33.7B€66B€55B€21.1B€12.8B
Net debt / EBITDA-6.86×-9.7×-10.42×-8.58×-7.07×-6.47×-2.14×-6.78×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-256583904163328-58