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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+4.6%
€92.31
vs €88.22 price
Levered DCF
€50.97
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.58
Safe zone
Rating
B-
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E49.46×59.89×52.43×58.07×77.82×-75.96×40.99×40.4×
P/B12.25×14.63×13.64×12.28×13.06×9.37×7.21×7.24×
P/S4.75×5.61×5.29×5.11×5.8×4.46×3.53×3.72×
EV / EBITDA18.45×21.62×19.93×19.51×24.46×34.77×15.75×21.87×
Gross margin18.2%48.4%52.9%49.4%46.5%46.0%47.8%36.2%
Operating margin16.2%16.6%16.4%14.6%10.8%2.7%13.7%12.5%
Net margin9.6%9.3%10.1%8.8%7.5%-5.9%8.6%9.1%
Current ratio1.42×1.4×1.24×1.24×1.41×1.25×1.34×1.85×
Debt / equity2.17×1.96×1.52×1.8×2.11×2.62×1.88×0.27×
Interest coverage2.69×7.31×6.01×5.19×6.57×1.15×4.67×11.11×
Dividend yield1.0%0.9%0.9%0.7%0.0%0.0%1.0%0.9%
Payout ratio50.9%55.3%46.3%40.1%0.0%-3.4%38.8%36.4%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity24.7%24.4%25.9%21.1%16.9%-12.4%17.7%17.8%
Return on invested capital9.2%10.2%11.7%8.6%6.7%1.5%7.4%14.1%
Return on assets6.7%6.8%8.3%6.1%4.6%-3.0%5.3%10.2%
Free cash flow yield1.7%1.2%2.2%3.3%3.7%-0.4%3.0%1.3%
Earnings yield2.0%1.7%1.9%1.7%1.3%-1.3%2.4%2.5%
Enterprise value€7.7B€7.9B€6.6B€5.3B€4.7B€3B€2.6B€2.1B
Net debt / EBITDA2.37×2.11×1.7×2.11×2.97×6.93×2.93×0.21×
Cash conversion cycle (days)101142117125174208176136