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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+41.0%
€132.03
vs €93.65 price
Levered DCF
€68.98
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
5.92
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E32.73×28.2×33.2×25.5×24.59×33.74×34.35×26.38×
P/B3.17×2.9×3.17×3.2×4.75×5.61×4.26×3.51×
P/S3.2×3.06×3.23×3.22×4.38×4.37×3.51×2.8×
EV / EBITDA12.91×13.63×17.17×14.17×14.76×18.36×17.7×14.03×
Gross margin52.6%55.7%56.0%54.6%58.3%55.7%54.2%53.8%
Operating margin13.8%14.8%11.9%15.6%22.7%17.7%12.4%15.0%
Net margin9.8%10.9%9.7%12.6%17.8%13.0%10.2%10.6%
Current ratio2.39×2.2×2.03×1.96×2.29×1.8×1.23×1.65×
Debt / equity0.11×0.12×0.14×0.14×0.15×0.2×0.27×0.34×
Interest coverage35.52×36.8×99.8×136.54×84.4×22.14×14.97×18.45×
Dividend yield0.8%0.8%0.8%0.9%0.5%0.2%0.4%0.6%
Payout ratio26.7%23.2%28.0%22.4%12.2%5.6%15.1%15.7%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity9.7%10.3%9.5%12.6%19.3%16.6%12.4%13.3%
Return on invested capital9.1%9.0%7.5%10.6%16.4%14.3%9.2%10.7%
Return on assets7.1%7.5%6.8%8.7%13.1%10.3%7.2%7.3%
Free cash flow yield3.5%2.6%0.9%1.6%3.6%2.2%1.4%2.6%
Earnings yield3.1%3.5%3.0%3.9%4.1%3.0%2.9%3.8%
Enterprise value€12.9B€12.2B€12B€11.5B€14.4B€13.7B€9.7B€7.1B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.11×0.05×0.24×-0.06×-0.35×0.12×0.58×0.72×
Cash conversion cycle (days)220237231200183174174159