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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+120.6%
€55.70
vs €25.25 price
Levered DCF
€47.58
After debt service
Piotroski score
8 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
1.86
Grey zone
Rating
A
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E10.55×9.34×9.63×9.66×12.55×14.91×9.45×6.96×
P/B2.45×2.03×2.41×2.54×3.39×4.27×3.23×4.06×
P/S0.9×0.77×0.78×0.76×1.08×0.96×0.79×0.91×
EV / EBITDA6.42×6.03×6.27×6.93×8.76×10.13×7.44×7.29×
Gross margin21.5%21.4%19.7%18.6%16.5%16.9%17.8%16.1%
Operating margin13.9%13.7%13.4%11.9%13.3%10.4%12.3%12.1%
Net margin8.5%8.2%8.1%7.8%8.6%6.4%8.3%13.1%
Current ratio0.93×0.99×0.98×0.92×0.89×0.81×0.83×0.94×
Debt / equity1.44×1.53×1.76×1.95×2.29×3.6×2.64×1.97×
Interest coverage5.05×4.32×4.2×7.61×8.06×5.74×7.76×6.85×
Dividend yield3.1%3.5%3.2%3.0%1.8%3.4%2.9%2.6%
Payout ratio32.6%33.1%31.0%29.1%22.9%50.7%27.8%18.2%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity23.2%21.7%25.1%26.2%27.1%28.6%34.2%58.4%
Return on invested capital9.4%9.1%9.4%8.7%7.7%6.1%8.5%9.7%
Return on assets5.9%5.5%5.6%5.3%5.0%3.7%5.7%10.8%
Free cash flow yield11.2%9.4%9.5%12.3%7.9%8.2%11.9%7.3%
Earnings yield9.5%10.7%10.4%10.4%8.0%6.7%10.6%14.4%
Enterprise value€4.8B€4.4B€4.5B€4.4B€4.9B€4.5B€4.4B€3.9B
Net debt / EBITDA1.67×1.85×1.97×2.36×2.83×3.95×2.87×2.06×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-16-18-25-23-21-23-10-3