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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+98.4%
€217.74
vs €109.75 price
Levered DCF
€250.42
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
1.06
Distress zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E13.7×11.69×13.73×12.36×20.38×36.48×16.84×13.39×
P/B2.19×1.9×2.3×2.03×2.31×2.16×2.69×2.08×
P/S0.89×0.78×0.92×0.84×1.05×1.03×1.12×0.9×
EV / EBITDA6.75×6.1×6.7×6.75×9.71×11.49×9.19×7.98×
Gross margin14.6%58.2%13.8%12.9%13.6%11.0%16.2%13.8%
Operating margin11.9%12.1%11.5%10.4%8.8%5.6%11.6%11.1%
Net margin6.5%6.7%6.7%6.8%5.2%2.8%6.7%6.7%
Current ratio0.85×0.85×0.9×0.86×0.85×0.96×0.9×0.92×
Debt / equity1.23×1.21×1.12×1.2×1.48×1.56×1.59×1.26×
Interest coverage6×6.23×6.87×8.01×5.92×3.12×10.15×8.5×
Dividend yield4.0%4.5%3.6%3.5%2.9%1.5%2.7%3.5%
Payout ratio54.4%52.8%48.8%43.0%58.8%55.9%46.1%46.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity15.9%16.2%16.7%16.4%11.4%5.9%16.0%15.5%
Return on invested capital7.4%7.9%8.2%6.6%3.9%2.2%6.1%6.9%
Return on assets3.7%3.8%4.0%3.8%2.6%1.4%3.6%4.0%
Free cash flow yield11.9%13.5%11.2%11.2%10.9%10.0%8.6%10.1%
Earnings yield7.3%8.6%7.3%8.1%4.9%2.7%5.9%7.5%
Enterprise value€87.7B€77.9B€80.4B€71.1B€75.6B€66.4B€79.1B€56.2B
Net debt / EBITDA1.57×1.65×1.32×1.75×2.92×3.64×2.81×2.31×
Cash conversion cycle (days)22-55293030364544