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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+29.3%
€32.73
vs €25.31 price
Levered DCF
€34.39
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.96
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E26.2×36.81×55.3×47.17×88.66×87.45×62.36×47.14×
P/B3.57×4.85×7.43×6.01×11.06×8.55×7.3×5.87×
P/S5.04×7.08×9.78×7.76×14.1×9.72×9.46×7.7×
EV / EBITDA15.58×22.27×32.14×23.04×43.51×35.68×33.55×24.09×
Gross margin83.7%83.6%77.3%83.8%83.7%83.2%84.2%85.3%
Operating margin22.4%21.9%21.8%23.0%21.0%15.0%20.2%22.1%
Net margin19.2%19.3%17.7%16.4%15.9%11.0%15.3%16.4%
Current ratio1.6×1.87×1.62×1.68×1.36×1.8×1.72×2.08×
Debt / equity0.36×0.34×0.46×0.49×0.72×0.96×1.02×0.22×
Interest coverage21.89×18.37×20.9×32.09×36.15×18×32.25×49.88×
Dividend yield1.1%0.7%0.5%0.5%0.2%0.4%0.4%0.1%
Payout ratio28.6%25.2%26.3%24.0%19.0%37.2%27.4%6.7%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity13.6%13.2%13.4%12.7%12.5%9.7%11.8%12.5%
Return on invested capital9.2%8.8%8.7%7.9%6.7%4.6%5.1%10.3%
Return on assets7.9%7.7%7.2%6.5%5.4%3.8%4.4%7.1%
Free cash flow yield4.7%3.3%2.4%3.2%2.2%2.6%2.9%3.1%
Earnings yield3.8%2.7%1.8%2.1%1.1%1.1%1.6%2.1%
Enterprise value€30.4B€43.1B€58.2B€44.8B€70B€46B€41.4B€25B
Net debt / EBITDA-0.49×-0.46×0.02×0.42×0.93×2.08×2.72×-1.74×
Cash conversion cycle (days)38334411598-17-48-3