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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-25.2%
€16.63
vs €22.25 price
Levered DCF
-€0.05
After debt service
Piotroski score
3 / 9
Weak
Altman Z-score
1.28
Distress zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E19.65×15.29×15.83×17.08×18.26×20.89×17.65×15.6×
P/B2.46×1.82×1.77×1.77×1.66×2.13×1.63×1.24×
P/S2.8×1.91×1.55×1.35×1.71×2.27×1.68×1.35×
EV / EBITDA11.66×9.64×9.69×9.28×9.09×11.11×10.22×9.33×
Gross margin54.6%53.4%47.2%37.4%43.6%48.7%44.6%44.0%
Operating margin23.1%21.7%18.2%14.8%18.8%16.8%16.1%15.5%
Net margin14.3%12.5%9.7%8.0%9.9%10.9%9.3%8.6%
Current ratio0.87×0.69×0.82×0.81×0.92×0.83×0.71×0.83×
Debt / equity1.19×1.23×1.43×1.23×1.09×1.14×1.1×0.98×
Interest coverage2.37×4.41×3.81×4.18×5.89×5.26×5.11×4.74×
Dividend yield1.0%1.4%1.2%1.2%0.9%0.7%0.5%0.3%
Payout ratio20.3%20.8%19.8%20.5%14.7%15.6%9.7%4.7%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity12.6%11.9%11.1%10.6%9.6%10.2%9.0%7.9%
Return on invested capital5.6%5.0%5.0%4.7%4.0%3.9%4.2%4.1%
Return on assets3.9%3.5%3.2%2.8%2.7%2.9%2.8%2.7%
Free cash flow yield1.0%4.3%5.8%5.0%1.8%3.3%2.2%2.6%
Earnings yield5.1%6.6%6.3%6.0%5.8%4.8%5.6%6.4%
Enterprise value€179.5B€139.3B€135B€118.6B€107.3B€112.4B€100.6B€82B
Net debt / EBITDA3.65×3.71×4.21×3.59×3.41×3.67×3.99×3.95×
Cash conversion cycle (days)33-9425882624331