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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-9.4%
€162.11
vs €178.86 price
Levered DCF
€157.69
After debt service
Piotroski score
4 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.25
Distress zone
Rating
C
Overall 2 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E510.17×25.78×16.13×16.21×27.73×34.56×34.48×19.59×
P/B2.5×1.96×3.16×4.18×6.6×6.29×7.15×5.23×
P/S2.5×1.7×2.46×2.88×4.99×5.67×4.62×3.79×
EV / EBITDA15.24×9.82×9.64×9.35×15.04×17.51×14.08×12.99×
Gross margin53.7%73.8%76.3%74.7%74.1%72.6%74.1%74.6%
Operating margin11.1%13.4%24.3%27.5%27.2%25.2%29.0%27.2%
Net margin0.5%6.6%15.2%17.8%18.0%16.4%14.5%19.4%
Current ratio1.34×1.21×1.38×1.37×1.3×1.34×0.93×1.1×
Debt / equity1.6×1.35×1.17×0.8×0.72×0.78×0.92×0.4×
Interest coverage2.59×3.74×13.15×28.52×28.51×18.17×26.25×32.16×
Dividend yield2.0%5.9%3.6%2.5%1.1%1.3%1.8%1.5%
Payout ratio1022.2%151.5%57.4%41.0%31.4%46.5%57.2%28.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity0.5%7.6%19.6%25.8%23.8%18.2%22.5%26.7%
Return on invested capital0.4%4.4%9.6%14.2%13.6%10.4%10.7%17.8%
Return on assets0.2%2.6%7.2%10.6%10.2%7.7%8.5%12.4%
Free cash flow yield4.6%4.8%3.8%5.5%4.5%2.8%2.1%5.7%
Earnings yield0.2%3.9%6.2%6.2%3.6%2.9%3.1%5.1%
Enterprise value€56B€45.8B€62B€65.4B€92.4B€80.1B€80.6B€53.6B
Net debt / EBITDA5.25×3.56×2.16×0.98×0.71×1.27×1.25×0.42×
Cash conversion cycle (days)128174206177150164214201