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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+11.0%
€109.60
vs €98.75 price
Levered DCF
€79.18
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.6
Safe zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E19.5×22.2×19.14×24.63×26.28×37.86×34.72×28.27×
P/B2.16×2.49×2.14×2.4×3.58×4.51×4.31×3.79×
P/S1.9×2.33×1.74×1.7×2.73×3.02×2.71×2.31×
EV / EBITDA12.48×15.15×12.88×16.22×19×23.4×21.91×19.47×
Gross margin17.9%51.4%46.1%44.5%46.6%46.8%46.6%44.6%
Operating margin13.2%12.0%10.9%8.7%12.1%10.2%10.0%10.4%
Net margin9.7%10.6%9.1%6.9%10.4%8.0%7.8%8.2%
Current ratio1.68×1.39×1.66×1.44×1.73×1.53×1.33×1.38×
Debt / equity0.44×0.54×0.39×0.5×0.56×0.54×0.56×0.53×
Interest coverage10.48×9.28×11.65×10.52×12.34×9.63×8.5×10.15×
Dividend yield1.7%1.3%1.4%1.2%0.8%0.7%0.7%0.7%
Payout ratio32.7%27.9%26.3%28.6%20.6%25.8%22.6%21.2%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity11.1%11.3%11.2%9.7%13.6%11.9%12.4%13.4%
Return on invested capital8.6%6.8%7.9%6.6%8.8%7.9%8.3%9.0%
Return on assets6.2%5.9%6.2%4.9%6.7%5.9%6.0%6.5%
Free cash flow yield3.8%4.2%5.4%3.4%1.8%1.9%2.3%2.3%
Earnings yield5.1%4.6%5.2%4.1%3.8%2.6%2.9%3.5%
Enterprise value€15.1B€18B€15.5B€17.1B€22.2B€22.9B€21.6B€17B
Net debt / EBITDA1.86×1.6×1.32×2.05×1.79×1.99×2.02×1.97×
Cash conversion cycle (days)362020332419178