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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-37.5%
€81.75
vs €130.70 price
Levered DCF
€81.86
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.24
Safe zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E26.79×21.13×21.73×19.95×30.35×28.63×23.21×17.06×
P/B4.57×3.27×3.71×3.01×4.8×3.98×3.8×2.87×
P/S3.52×2.85×2.96×2.39×3.93×3.2×2.93×2.19×
EV / EBITDA16.57×13.09×13.21×11.88×18.12×15.84×14.07×11.36×
Gross margin50.8%51.6%52.3%49.7%50.8%52.2%51.9%52.1%
Operating margin21.4%19.0%18.9%17.3%19.2%17.5%18.7%19.0%
Net margin13.1%13.5%13.6%12.0%12.9%11.2%12.6%12.9%
Current ratio1.93×1.93×1.98×2.04×1.98×1.65×1.75×1.61×
Debt / equity0.91×0.68×0.72×0.7×0.93×1.1×0.82×0.72×
Interest coverage12.06×10.67×13.15×13.32×14.55×10.73×13.58×14.4×
Dividend yield1.7%2.2%2.0%2.2%1.4%1.8%1.8%2.6%
Payout ratio46.3%46.9%43.9%44.0%41.8%52.6%42.8%43.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity17.1%15.5%17.1%15.1%15.8%13.9%16.4%16.8%
Return on invested capital9.8%8.7%9.2%8.3%7.9%6.6%8.6%9.2%
Return on assets7.1%7.3%7.7%6.9%6.4%5.3%7.1%7.5%
Free cash flow yield4.1%5.2%6.3%5.2%3.4%5.8%5.4%5.6%
Earnings yield3.7%4.7%4.6%5.0%3.3%3.5%4.3%5.9%
Enterprise value€37.6B€27.6B€27B€22.3B€30B€22.1B€21.9B€15.5B
Net debt / EBITDA1.86×1.43×0.98×1.24×1.53×1.87×1.6×1.69×
Cash conversion cycle (days)7978688885676469