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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+314.0%
€2,740.98
vs €662.00 price
Levered DCF
€2,735.30
After debt service
Piotroski score
8 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
3.53
Safe zone
Rating
S-
Overall 5 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E6.46×8.19×6.83×7.25×10.12×8.14×10.39×12.27×
P/B1.47×1.6×1.59×1.5×1.9×1.25×1.18×1.05×
P/S0.89×1.07×0.86×0.81×0.98×0.58×0.49×0.48×
EV / EBITDA2.53×3.27×2.23×2.73×4.09×2.24×2×2.37×
Gross margin14.7%27.5%25.5%13.4%13.2%8.0%5.6%17.8%
Operating margin14.5%15.6%15.5%15.4%12.8%8.1%5.1%5.4%
Net margin13.8%13.1%12.6%11.1%9.6%7.1%4.7%3.9%
Current ratio2.66×2.58×2.33×2.27×2.14×1.89×1.76×1.97×
Debt / equity0.01×0.02×0.03×0.01×0.02×0.02×0.02×0.01×
Interest coverage34.56×71.52×61.05×82.09×73.96×39.78×53.11×64.85×
Dividend yield3.1%2.2%2.3%2.6%2.1%3.3%6.6%3.9%
Payout ratio20.1%17.8%15.6%19.2%21.2%27.1%68.4%47.2%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity22.7%19.6%23.3%20.7%18.7%15.4%11.4%8.5%
Return on invested capital15.6%15.2%18.2%18.0%15.1%10.6%7.8%7.0%
Return on assets13.7%11.8%12.8%11.3%9.9%7.6%5.4%4.3%
Free cash flow yield16.1%9.5%25.4%6.4%7.3%13.0%20.6%1.1%
Earnings yield15.5%12.2%14.6%13.8%9.9%12.3%9.6%8.2%
Enterprise value€97.4M€102.5M€78.9M€70M€80.9M€32.9M€19.6M€17.6M
Net debt / EBITDA-3.26×-3.11×-2.47×-2.16×-2.55×-2.81×-4.38×-4.83×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-20-31-25-4-18-18-15-66