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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+19.5%
€34.83
vs €29.14 price
Levered DCF
€31.23
After debt service
Piotroski score
4 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.34
Distress zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E11.94×11.69×13.04×14.13×22.72×-332.05×15.66×-7.87×
P/B2.69×2.37×2.75×3.08×4.67×2.27×2.08×2.03×
P/S1.29×1.17×1.15×0.69×1.24×1.19×0.95×0.91×
EV / EBITDA7.24×6.69×7.36×7.9×10.66×15.7×8.34×-33.17×
Gross margin27.6%40.0%33.2%19.9%25.4%32.7%27.6%25.7%
Operating margin17.8%29.4%24.7%13.9%15.2%13.0%12.4%-8.9%
Net margin10.4%9.9%8.8%4.9%5.5%-0.4%6.1%-11.6%
Current ratio1.18×1.31×1.22×1.23×1.18×1.4×1.32×1.19×
Debt / equity1.79×1.92×1.69×2.15×2.83×2.16×1.69×1.52×
Interest coverage4.59×11.58×8.02×5.72×6.52×3.27×3.88×-2.75×
Dividend yield6.7%6.0%5.6%6.4%6.2%9.9%8.7%6.3%
Payout ratio82.8%70.8%73.2%91.0%140.6%-3276.4%135.7%-49.6%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity21.7%20.1%21.0%21.8%20.6%-0.7%13.3%-25.8%
Return on invested capital7.6%11.7%12.5%10.4%8.8%6.1%6.2%-4.7%
Return on assets5.2%4.7%5.2%4.1%3.2%-0.1%3.4%-6.9%
Free cash flow yield9.5%8.0%9.4%9.2%-0.7%10.7%9.9%4.8%
Earnings yield8.0%8.5%7.7%7.1%4.4%-0.3%6.4%-12.7%
Enterprise value€37.5B€35B€38.2B€35.6B€40.2B€31.7B€37.1B€37.1B
Net debt / EBITDA2.39×2.4×2.36×2.72×3.37×6.65×3.41×-13.34×
Cash conversion cycle (days)11-0142943143233