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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+133.2%
€123.46
vs €52.95 price
Levered DCF
€110.97
After debt service
Piotroski score
8 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
3.72
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E22.47×25.05×25.93×25.49×30.21×26.2×20.87×19.62×
P/B5.2×5.56×5.97×5.15×8.42×7.31×6.42×6.37×
P/S3.81×4.46×4.84×4.3×7.37×6.44×5.2×4.54×
EV / EBITDA13.54×15.85×15.98×16.8×21.42×17.99×16.12×13.46×
Gross margin68.3%68.3%68.3%69.4%72.9%71.9%70.5%70.7%
Operating margin27.5%27.3%26.8%23.6%31.0%32.4%31.4%32.7%
Net margin16.9%17.8%18.7%16.9%24.4%24.5%24.9%23.1%
Current ratio1.59×1.61×1.2×1.28×1.36×1.34×1.38×1.43×
Debt / equity1.29×1.33×0.87×1.11×0.72×0.83×0.92×0.82×
Interest coverage7.25×7.83×7.49×13.54×27.94×26.8×23.15×19.85×
Dividend yield2.7%2.4%2.4%2.9%1.9%2.3%2.5%2.9%
Payout ratio60.3%60.9%63.2%73.8%56.2%59.9%51.8%57.3%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity23.1%22.2%23.1%20.2%27.9%27.8%30.8%32.4%
Return on invested capital12.1%10.8%13.3%9.8%16.9%15.1%16.2%18.2%
Return on assets8.4%8.1%9.2%7.8%13.7%13.1%13.1%14.4%
Free cash flow yield5.1%5.1%1.0%4.6%3.5%2.9%-1.6%4.7%
Earnings yield4.4%4.0%3.9%3.9%3.3%3.8%4.8%5.1%
Enterprise value€12B€12.6B€11.3B€9.4B€12.4B€10.2B€8.7B€6.8B
Net debt / EBITDA2.3×2.73×1.75×2.56×1.29×1.54×1.79×1.23×
Cash conversion cycle (days)168184156202116176118104