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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+8.3%
€47.34
vs €43.73 price
Levered DCF
€27.46
After debt service
Piotroski score
9 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
2.01
Grey zone
Rating
B+
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E24.09×30.95×35.56×24.33×35.78×27.16×22.99×29.89×
P/B2.86×3.3×2.97×2.51×3.85×3.07×3.69×4.38×
P/S2.2×2.69×2.48×2.29×3.43×2.65×2.48×2.83×
EV / EBITDA14.05×17.43×18.2×15.25×21.24×15.21×13.53×16.68×
Gross margin38.6%37.9%35.6%37.5%38.6%38.6%39.9%40.7%
Operating margin14.7%14.8%11.3%14.1%15.4%14.1%15.9%15.1%
Net margin9.2%8.7%7.0%9.4%9.6%9.8%10.8%9.4%
Current ratio1.11×1.25×1.05×1.11×1.07×1.41×1.39×1.36×
Debt / equity0.83×0.89×0.92×0.84×0.89×0.44×0.46×0.54×
Interest coverage8.08×6.93×8.24×25.97×33.46×26.84×18.79×9.92×
Dividend yield2.1%1.8%2.0%1.9%1.4%2.1%1.9%0.6%
Payout ratio49.7%54.7%70.6%46.9%49.6%56.6%44.6%18.2%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity11.9%10.7%8.3%10.3%10.8%11.3%16.0%14.6%
Return on invested capital7.4%6.9%5.1%5.6%5.9%7.4%10.3%9.6%
Return on assets4.8%4.2%3.2%4.2%4.1%5.6%7.3%6.4%
Free cash flow yield4.4%2.9%1.8%2.8%3.4%3.3%2.5%2.4%
Earnings yield4.2%3.2%2.8%4.1%2.8%3.7%4.3%3.3%
Enterprise value€64.4B€73.6B€68.7B€64.9B€74.8B€43.2B€39.7B€42.1B
Net debt / EBITDA2.81×3.2×3.97×3.57×3.69×1.71×1.23×1.66×
Cash conversion cycle (days)160172181164164218145154