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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-20.9%
€74.62
vs €94.32 price
Levered DCF
€115.26
After debt service
Piotroski score
7 / 9
Strong
Altman Z-score
4.03
Safe zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E38.7×30.01×40.25×50.83×47.55×47.75×43.43×31.19×
P/B2.59×3.61×3.78×4×5.58×6.38×5.25×4.54×
P/S1.96×2.87×2.9×3.08×4.65×4.17×3.71×2.72×
EV / EBITDA12.39×15.56×18.89×21.06×23.72×21.78×20.65×15.8×
Gross margin37.6%39.3%35.8%36.9%38.7%39.5%40.1%39.4%
Operating margin12.4%14.4%11.8%10.9%14.6%13.8%13.6%13.8%
Net margin5.1%9.6%7.2%6.1%9.8%8.7%8.8%8.7%
Current ratio2.52×1.61×2.89×2.76×2.04×3.5×1.83×1.51×
Debt / equity0.7×0.64×0.7×0.72×0.56×0.9×0.86×0.88×
Interest coverage7.43×9.16×5.79×8.24×13.55×7.23×7.44×9.65×
Dividend yield1.7%1.1%1.1%1.0%0.7%0.9%1.0%1.4%
Payout ratio67.3%32.2%43.1%50.9%35.0%41.9%40.9%42.5%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity6.7%12.0%9.4%7.9%11.8%13.3%12.4%14.6%
Return on invested capital5.4%7.3%6.0%4.9%7.1%6.8%6.3%7.2%
Return on assets3.1%5.7%4.3%3.6%5.6%5.2%5.0%5.6%
Free cash flow yield5.4%4.7%3.3%0.8%2.0%3.3%2.9%2.5%
Earnings yield2.6%3.3%2.5%2.0%2.1%2.1%2.4%3.2%
Enterprise value€11.2B€16.2B€15.9B€16.4B€19.2B€16B€14.3B€10B
Net debt / EBITDA1.77×1.77×2.57×2.86×1.67×1.83×2.34×2.19×
Cash conversion cycle (days)159171170178170155171173