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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-202.9%
-€9.86
vs €9.58 price
Levered DCF
-€13.53
After debt service
Piotroski score
6 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
1.08
Distress zone
Rating
B
Overall 3 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E16.45×14.38×17.16×15.68×17.78×16.03×15.66×14.49×
P/B2.34×2.04×2.39×2.63×3×2.87×2.85×2.53×
P/S4.6×4.2×4.8×4.63×5.48×5.24×5.16×4.43×
EV / EBITDA10.5×10.46×12.49×11.2×13.32×12.3×11.89×11.2×
Gross margin48.1%91.6%81.7%82.7%84.0%85.9%86.2%83.5%
Operating margin43.6%46.0%43.2%45.6%46.8%49.1%49.9%47.8%
Net margin28.1%29.1%28.1%29.3%30.8%32.8%32.7%30.8%
Current ratio0.92×0.91×0.67×0.74×0.74×0.95×0.99×0.74×
Debt / equity1.5×1.84×2.05×2.28×2.65×2.82×2.3×2.36×
Interest coverage5.95×6.11×7.28×11.29×12.92×14.65×13.42×12.17×
Dividend yield4.5%4.5%4.4%4.4%3.9%4.2%4.0%4.4%
Payout ratio73.2%65.0%75.8%69.5%69.3%67.0%62.7%63.8%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity14.3%14.1%14.0%16.6%16.9%18.0%18.1%17.6%
Return on invested capital5.1%5.1%4.9%5.2%4.6%4.7%5.4%5.4%
Return on assets3.7%3.9%3.8%3.8%3.5%3.8%4.2%4.1%
Free cash flow yield-1.7%-7.5%-6.4%6.1%-3.6%-2.0%1.5%3.1%
Earnings yield6.1%6.9%5.8%6.3%5.6%6.3%6.3%6.9%
Enterprise value€28B€26.9B€26.7B€23.1B€24.9B€22.2B€20.5B€18.3B
Net debt / EBITDA3.69×4.5×5.42×4.65×5.81×5.35×4.97×4.98×
Cash conversion cycle (days)-223-3,757-1,504-2,281-2,445-1,790-2,518-2,178