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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
-15.5%
€58.79
vs €69.55 price
Levered DCF
€51.78
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.13
Safe zone
Rating
A+
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E14.45×12.96×12.89×15.92×39.4×38.38×27.96×29.79×
P/B2.08×2.44×2.93×3.76×6.29×3.95×2.64×2.44×
P/S2.69×2.95×2.79×2.64×7.19×7.5×3.99×4.55×
EV / EBITDA8.83×7.06×7.5×10.08×20.91×18.26×12.77×15.25×
Gross margin29.1%50.4%45.9%28.6%38.9%55.3%41.9%45.7%
Operating margin26.0%33.1%33.4%18.4%26.5%28.5%22.2%23.0%
Net margin18.6%22.7%21.6%16.6%18.3%19.5%14.2%15.2%
Current ratio0.98×1.41×1.14×0.94×0.67×0.62×0.67×0.56×
Debt / equity0.24×0.23×0.26×0.53×0.59×0.23×0.28×0.42×
Interest coverage28.26×21.77×31.19×18.73×12.42×11.35×7.84×5.15×
Dividend yield4.5%8.0%5.3%1.3%0.8%1.0%0.9%1.4%
Payout ratio65.3%103.1%68.6%21.2%29.8%38.0%26.3%41.1%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity14.4%18.8%22.7%23.6%16.0%10.3%9.4%8.2%
Return on invested capital9.5%12.3%15.6%9.1%8.1%6.3%6.2%4.8%
Return on assets7.9%10.0%11.6%9.0%5.1%5.2%4.7%3.7%
Free cash flow yield2.6%8.7%12.6%3.4%-2.2%2.4%5.2%2.8%
Earnings yield6.9%7.7%7.8%6.3%2.5%2.6%3.6%3.3%
Enterprise value€23.9B€25.8B€30.8B€30.8B€37.3B€25.6B€17.2B€15.1B
Net debt / EBITDA0.88×0.41×0.39×1.13×1.64×0.95×1.2×2.2×
Cash conversion cycle (days)51301820194142515