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Valuation

Model-based estimates, not advice. The DCF is the discounted-cash-flow value per share; compare it with the price, not as a target.

DCF fair value
+21.1%
€31.30
vs €25.85 price
Levered DCF
€63.52
After debt service
Piotroski score
5 / 9
Average
Altman Z-score
3.16
Safe zone
Rating
A-
Overall 4 / 5
Ratios by fiscal year

Margins and yields are shares of revenue, equity or price; multiples are ×.

MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
P/E28.68×20.13×29.48×-71.55×37.45×35.43×26.62×21.02×
P/B6.22×3.99×3.42×2.17×3.15×2.22×2.43×3.34×
P/S2.59×1.56×1.26×0.79×1.53×1.05×1.13×1.56×
EV / EBITDA15.37×11.25×13.58×37.46×15.38×13.73×12.05×12.59×
Gross margin20.6%46.1%43.2%37.2%43.7%42.7%44.9%46.4%
Operating margin11.9%11.1%6.7%-0.4%6.6%5.1%7.0%10.5%
Net margin9.1%7.8%4.3%-1.1%4.1%2.9%4.2%7.5%
Current ratio1.39×1.24×1.23×1.19×1.31×1.47×1.45×1.41×
Debt / equity0.27×0.3×0.39×0.44×0.42×0.61×0.46×0.34×
Interest coverage11.47×10.69×6.18×-0.79×9.52×5.71×6.46×10.65×
Dividend yield1.5%1.9%2.1%3.1%1.7%5.9%4.9%3.4%
Payout ratio42.0%38.6%60.5%-226.6%62.4%213.4%130.9%71.0%
Key metrics by fiscal year
MetricFY2025FY2024FY2023FY2022FY2021FY2020FY2019FY2018
Return on equity21.8%19.9%11.6%-3.0%8.4%6.2%9.1%16.0%
Return on invested capital14.4%14.2%8.5%-0.8%5.7%4.2%6.5%15.8%
Return on assets7.4%6.5%3.8%-1.0%3.0%2.2%3.4%6.4%
Free cash flow yield8.1%10.3%8.9%-4.7%8.1%11.7%2.0%4.5%
Earnings yield3.5%5.0%3.4%-1.4%2.7%2.8%3.7%4.8%
Enterprise value€16.1B€9.3B€7.6B€5.1B€7.3B€5.2B€6.6B€8.4B
Net debt / EBITDA-1.74×-0.95×0.07×3.56×0.02×1.07×1.36×0.5×
Cash conversion cycle (days)146167184146183226230213